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Abstract
We write this essay for both lay readers and scientists, though mainstream economists are
welcome to enjoy it too. Our subject is the basic toolbox of mainstream economics. The most
important tools in this box are demand, supply and equilibrium. All mainstream economists ± as
well as many heterodox ones ± use these tools, pretty much all the time. They are essential.
Without them, the entire discipline collapses. But in our view, these are not scientific tools.
Economists manipulate them on paper with impeccable success (at least in their own opinion).
But the manipulations are entirely imaginary. Contrary to what economists tell us, demand,
supply and equilibrium do not carry over to the actual world: they cannot be empirically identified;
they cannot be observed, directly or indirectly; and they certainly cannot be objectively
measured. And this is a problem because science without objective empirical tools is hardly
science at all.
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